Friday, January 31, 2020
1984 by George Orwell Essay Example for Free
1984 by George Orwell Essay The theme of power is prominent in the dystopian novel 1984 by George Orwell and throughout this book he develops two different types of power. This is collective power and individual power, which will both be addressed separately. Firstly, the notion of power through the collective is characterised through the totalitarian Party in Airstrip One, Oceania, one of the three super-states. In chapter 3 Part 3, Winston claims that, ââ¬Å"The Party seeks power entirely for its own sakeâ⬠, and that power comes from the oppression of sensual experience and basic human instincts and through the manipulation of history. In regards to the oppression of sensual experience and basic human instincts, the novel opens with a characterisation of Winstonââ¬â¢s apartment block. It are described as smelling of ââ¬Å"boiled cabbages and old rugsâ⬠. Through olfactory imagery, the reader is able to understand the conditions of the Outer Party memberââ¬â¢s life as being dank and foetid, coupled with the ironic naming of the apartments as ââ¬Ëvictory mansionââ¬â¢ seems to suggest that whilst there is that pretense of both nationalism and grandeur, the reality is different. This says two things, ? rstly it shows a denial of the living conditions by the Party and secondly it expresses the societal division between the Outer Party and the Inner Party when contrasted with the vibrant living quarters of OBriens home in chapter 8 part 3. In this chapter, the visual imagry is overwhelming for both Winston and Julia through the use of synesthesia and accumulation. The effect of such a comparison epitomises the division between the two classes whereas the Inner Party, and the collective institute that makes up the Party has access to richer sensual perception in olfactory, kinesetic and gustatory senses and they can control the senses of the lesser classes. This oppression of basis human senses deprives the human body to which the Party utilises in keeping the people in a constant state of angst, which unables them to be easily manipulated into believing the Party ideology and accepting the stardard of living that is applied to the people. This is also seen with the example of the prole. The proles are just given enough to get by and due to this they do not need to become revoltuionary or question authority. In regards to the manipulation of history, the denial of past events and the establishment of falsities is a way in which the Party has control over the people. The changing of history is ? rst established in the in the ? rst chapter where Winstons work at the Ministry of Truth is discussed. Those that control the present control the past. Those that control the past control the future. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, with the control of the past, the society in the novel is without a ? rm grasp in reality and experiences are nulli? ed in the their own version of reality. Secondly, everyones experiences are institutionalised under the conformity of the past controlling independent thought and indiviuality. Winston tries to break loose from these con? nes and in his very ? rst diary entry he simply writes the date. The effect of writing his thoughts down provides an impetus for further counter-party ideology which is articulated further in the book. This brings me on to the second type of power that is addressed in George Orwells ovel. That is the power of the individual and throughout the book it is characterised through the characters of both Winston and Julia through both crimethink and rediscovering what it means to be human. One of the ? rst instances of Winstons individual power comes through the writing in his diary. Much of his writing in the ? rst chapter of part one holds little structure and contains little use of grammar devices. The effect of such writing is the demonstration of out foriegn it is for Winston in his paradigm to express his personal feelings even if, at this early stage in the novel, all his commentary have a political stance. The capitalisation of down with big brotherà adds to the effect of Winstons individual power as it is a radical step away the acceptence of total party power. Julia may well be the symbol for hope that Orwell inserts into the novel to allude to the continuing resistence to totalitarianism inherent in humanity. Julia is perhaps the greatest hope for change, as her relationship with Winston is representitive of the need for the worker to form an alliance with the middle class. Julia can be seen as the ? rst person to being to change Winstons individual power through their relationship spawning in part 2. During the relationship, the reader can note an increase in sensual imagery such as the gustatory imagry of the jams and sugar, the auditory imagery of the singing from the proles and the bird in the woods, and the olfactory imagery of the roasted coffee. The effect of the introduction of this imagery creates a mood of comfort and relaxation, which appeals to the reader and their experiences. This gaining of the basic human insticts and experiences can be seen in colloralation with the Partys want to remove these instinct highlighting the importance that senseual perception plays in percieved or real power one has.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Organic Evolution Essay -- theory of evolution
We act like animals, we eat like animals, and we are animals. The many theories of evolution such as Darwin's theory of evolution prove to us that we choose to believe that we are not animals when we really are. Evolution is the sequencial process of change over periods of time, which shapes and establishes the formation of modern man. In referring to evolution, the word means various changes. Evolution refers to the fabrication and development of life on earth. "Organic evolution" is the concept that all living beings evolved from simple organisms and have changed throughout the periods of time to create many and various types of species. Organic evolution is better known as the "theory of evolution." There are three main theories of evolution, which are, the early theories proposed by Comte de Buffon, Baron Cuvier, and Lamarck, the synthetic theory, and the Darwin theory.In the 1700s, French naturalists, Comte de Buffon and Baron Cuvier concluded with the studies of fossils and comparative anatomy that life on earth had endured many changes through a long period of time. In the early 1800s, another French naturalist named Lamarck, proposed the first complete theory of evolution. He observed through his observations, depending on the extent to which the use of the structure, that an animal's body structure is able to change during its life span. He also noted that organs and muscles, which were used often, tended to become larger and stronger. On the contrary, the organs and muscles, which were used seldom, tended to become smaller and diminish. With these observations, Lamarck concluded that these characteristics were hereditary. Proposed during two decades, the 1930s and 1940s, the synthetic theory involved a group of scientists. The group of scientists included two American biologists, Russian Theodosius and German Ernst Mayr, and the British geneticist and statistician Ronald A. Fisher. Together, they proposed the synthetic theory which combined Darwin's theory of natural selection with the ideals of genetics. In 1808, French naturalist Chevalier de Lamarck contemplated a theory of evolution, although, his theory of evolution did not gain any recognition until 1858. In 1858, British naturalist Charles R. Darwin furnished his theory of evolution, also known as Darwin's theory. Along with Darwin's theory of evolution there early theories and t... .... The Neanderthal Man was a survivor. It had a cranial capacity, which was similar in size to modern humans. The Neanderthal Man had basic advances in life style. The Neanderthal Man made basic clothes and constructed tools of advanced design. The Cro-Magnon Man is regarded has the first fine artist on earth. Proof of this fine artistry is that of rich records of accomplishments in cave paintings, which Cro-Magnon made. He made these records From stone engravings and carved figures. Cro-Magnon amazingly spread to all habitable parts of the world. Modern Man, us, has learned from the teaching and evolvement of the Cro-Magnon. We have learned to grow our own food and domesticate our animals. In addition we possessed the control over the environment and created cites and established civilizations. We act like animals, we eat like animals, and we are animals. The many theories of evolution such as Darwin's theory of evolution prove to us that we choose to believe that we are not animals when we really are. With the amazing changes and evolvement our species has undergone and as the twenty first century approaches us, who knows what forms of evolutionary change will come of us.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
All characters in the novel ââ¬ËOf Mice and Menââ¬â¢ are lonely Essay
All characters in the novel ââ¬ËOf Mice and Menââ¬â¢ are either lonely, bored or in need of escaping from the soulless existence of the itinerant labour. It is based on a society of men leading empty lives, trapped in a lonely life, consisting mainly of hard physical work. There was not enough happiness, love and affection in their lives. The novel is set in California, the Southern states of America, in the 1930ââ¬â¢s around the time of the ââ¬ËGreat Depressionââ¬â¢. The ranch is based in ââ¬ËSoledadââ¬â¢; which is the Spanish word for ââ¬ËLonelinessââ¬â¢. The bunkhouse that the men sleep and live in is a long and rectangular building. The walls are white washed and the floor unpainted. In three of the four walls are small, square windows. In the fourth one was a solid door with a wooden latch. There are eight bunks, all with a nailed apple box over them with the opening forward. This made two small shelves for the personal belongings of each ranch hand occupying the certain bunk. On these shelves were little articles, soap, razors, talcum powder, Western magazines, medicines, little vials, combs and a few neckties. There was also a black cast iron stove, and a big square table in the centre of the room, with scattered playing cards across it, and surrounding the table were boxes for the men to sit on. The bunkhouse also had lice and roaches in it! Carlson and the other ranch hands all dream of owning their own land and living and working from this, resulting in wealth and happiness. This was known as the ââ¬ËAmerican Dreamââ¬â¢, this is shown as an opportunity to all people no matter how rich or poor they are. There is a lot of government propaganda, informing people that if they work hard and push their ambitions to the limit, they can make this dream reality. However they all knew, no matter how hard they worked or how successful they were, it was very unlikely of this dream ever becoming reality. Their way of escaping this disappointment was to collect their fifty bucks at the end of the month and of a weekend spend all of it on women and alcohol, usually at the nearest ââ¬Ëcat-houseââ¬â¢. During the week they play cards games or horseshoes. Crooks is very lonely, this is due to the fact that he is coloured and everyone knows him as a nigger! He is treated completely differently to all the others, an outsider. He is also crippled, after a horse kicked him and severely damaged his back. In the 1930ââ¬â¢s it was very racist in America and the coloured people werenââ¬â¢t allowed to speak up or were too scared to defend themselves in fear of what the white people would do to them. This is the situation Crooks is in. However he is the only coloured person at the ranch, so he has to accept all racial comments on his own. He has his own separate room, which isnââ¬â¢t even a room it is a shed that leans off the side of the barn wall. He is isolated from everyone else, therefore unable to socialise. On one occasion Lennie entered the barn to see his pup. He saw Crooksââ¬â¢ light shining and stood in the doorway of Crooksââ¬â¢ room. Crooks saw him and said sharply ââ¬Ëâ⬠you got no right to come in my room. This hereââ¬â¢s my room. Nobody got any right in here, but me.â⬠He then followed with ââ¬Å"I ainââ¬â¢t wanted in the bunkhouse and you ainââ¬â¢t wanted in my roomâ⬠, ââ¬Å"they play cards in there, but I canââ¬â¢t play because Iââ¬â¢m black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you all of you stink to me.â⬠Crooks reads to amuse himself when he has nothing better to do. This keeps his mind off of the atmosphere and situation he is surrounded by in his everyday life. Curleyââ¬â¢s wife is perhaps one of the loneliest characters, trapped in her strict and original womanââ¬â¢s/wifeââ¬â¢s role. Her daily routine only ever consists of her doing housework, such as cooking Curleyââ¬â¢s dinner, washing Curleyââ¬â¢s clothes, making Curleyââ¬â¢s bed, cleaning Curleyââ¬â¢s house, etc. If Curley catches her talking to the ranch hands he is always very annoyed by it, she is to stay in the house. She is known as ââ¬ËCurleyââ¬â¢s wifeââ¬â¢, no one knows her name so they cannot call her by it. One time when she enters the bunkhouse and begins to talk to the ranch hands, Crooks suggests â⬠Maybe you better go along to your own house now. We donââ¬â¢t want no trouble.â⬠It is this idea that she is ââ¬Ëtroubleââ¬â¢ that makes Curleyââ¬â¢s wife so upset and angry. â⬠Well, I ainââ¬â¢t giving you no trouble. Think I donââ¬â¢t like to talk to somebody everââ¬â¢ once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time?â⬠Having a husband even makes her loneliness worse, because Curley is so strict about whom she socialises with and what she does. She calls him sarcastically a ââ¬Å"Swell guyâ⬠, who â⬠Spends all his time sayinââ¬â¢ what heââ¬â¢s gonna do to guyââ¬â¢s he donââ¬â¢t like, and he donââ¬â¢t like nobody.â⬠Curleyââ¬â¢s wife tries to escape her loneliness and sadness by dreaming of being an actress or a model. She had been offered the chance before ââ¬Å"I tell you I could of went with showsâ⬠â⬠Anââ¬â¢ a guy tolââ¬â¢ me he could put me in pitchersâ⬠. Curleyââ¬â¢s wife is also very good at flirting, this attracts male attention. Therefore just for a moment she is listened to and is the centre of attention, this moment matters so much to her because she is being paid attention to for once, that she makes a very bad habit of it. However the ranch hands have got used to her scheming ways and do not want to risk getting ââ¬Å"cannedâ⬠because of a ââ¬Å"tartâ⬠. However Lennie and George are different to the other ranch hands, they may live a lonely existence, but they have each other. Other than the other ranch hands expressing their feelings about their hopes, dreams, lonely lives etc, George and Lennie are the only characters we really get to know. All other ranch hands havenââ¬â¢t got a family or anything to look forward to, but it is different with George and Lennie; they believe they have a future and as long as they have got each other, it doesnââ¬â¢t matter whether they have a family or not. These men love each other. They talk to each other and know that the other cares for them, because George looks after Lennie, and Lennie looks after George. However, George has a much greater job in looking after Lennie, than Lennie has in looking after George. Lennie is a bit of a dunce and is always forgetting things, but George has the brains. They both are physically well built, but Lennie does not realise his own strength sometimes, he is dangerously strong. Lennie is the physical side of the pair, whereas George is the mental. The fact that they have each other gives them more of a chance of success, than the other ranch hands. Lennie loves George to tell him what; one-day things will be like. Their dream is to one day buy a little house, with a ten acres, a ââ¬Å"winââ¬â¢millâ⬠, a kitchen, an orchard to grow ââ¬Å"cherries, apples, peaches, ââ¬Ëcots, nuts, and a few berriesâ⬠, a section on the land to grow alfalfa that Lennie will use to feed the rabbits with, hutches and pens full with pigs, chickens, cows, goats, cats, pigeons, a dog and rabbits that Lennie could pet, a smoke house so they could kill the pigs and then smoke it, for smoked ham and bacon etc, and for them to literally ââ¬Å"live off the fatta the lan'â⬠. They would only work six or seven hours a day. Lennie likes to pet, smooth, soft, furry things, as a kind of comfort. Other than for George and animals, love and affection are withheld, not only from Lennie, but also for all the ranch hands. This is why they have their own individual comfort or way of escaping from the repetitive daily routine and loneliness. Candy is a dissimilar character from the other ranch hands. He is very lonely and sad. He has no hand, but a very old dog that he cares for very much. This dog is similar to Candy. They are both very old and when Carlson shoots the dog, because it smells, has no teeth, he cannot eat, is stiff with rheumatism, is nearly blind and Carlson thinks it will be better to put the dog out of his ageing misery. Candy wants people to treat him once he is canned like this. This is because he ââ¬Å"wonââ¬â¢t have no place to go, anââ¬â¢ he canââ¬â¢t get no more jobsâ⬠. The other ranch hands say that he can replace the dog with one of Luluââ¬â¢s pups, but of course that wouldnââ¬â¢t be the same, never is anyone or anything the equivalent, everyone and everything is unique. Candy seems to think that when he is dead, people will say the same thing about him. When a new ranch hand comes and replaces him, heââ¬â¢ll be forgotten. For obvious reasons Candy is upset and hurt by this. It is as if the characteristics of his dog and the way the other men treat the dog, symbolises Candy. Candy wants to join George and Lennie in their ââ¬Ëdreamââ¬â¢. Candy has already got three hundred bucks and another fifty coming at the end of the month, when the men get paid. He explains that he ââ¬Å"ainââ¬â¢t much good, but I could cook, tend the chickens, and hoe the garden someâ⬠. Then when George and Lennie get their fifty bucks each at the end of the month, they will have four hundred and fifty bucks, and although the woman wants six hundred bucks, George thinks she will accept their offer as a deposit and then George will get a job and start to collect the rest, while Candy and Lennie could work on the land as well as sell eggs etc, making more money. This is Candyââ¬â¢s route of escaping. Everything seems to be falling into place and their dream looks like it could become reality. This is everything a man wants and Candy is thrilled he is part of it. However much their dream looks real, it all ends when Curleyââ¬â¢s wife tries her old tricks with Lennie. Curleyââ¬â¢s wife enters the barn, as Lennie sits there mourning over his pup, he has just accidentally killed! George has already warned Lennie about Curleyââ¬â¢s wife, says she is trouble, so Lennie refuses to talk to her, ââ¬Å"George says I ainââ¬â¢t to have nothing to do with you- talk to you or nothingâ⬠. Curleyââ¬â¢s wife says in a innocent voice, ââ¬Å"All the guys got a horse-shoe tenement goinââ¬â¢ onâ⬠, so ââ¬Å"Why canââ¬â¢t you talk to me?â⬠She eventually persuades Lennie that it is safe to talk to her. They talk for ages and Lennie tells her how he ââ¬Å"likes to pet nice things with my fingers, sofââ¬â¢ thingsâ⬠. She tells Lennie to ââ¬Å"feel right hereâ⬠, on her hair. Lennie was enjoying stroking her hair until she warned him not to ââ¬Å"muss it upâ⬠. She then got angry because Lennie wasnââ¬â¢t listening to her. She went to pull away and Lennie clasped his fingers tightly in her hair and wouldnââ¬â¢t let go. She began to shout, ââ¬Å"you let goâ⬠. Lennie began to get scared because he thought George would hear and go mad. He covered her mouth and nose to prevent her screaming, and continued to beg her to be quiet. She continued to struggle and he shook her. Suddenly ââ¬Å"her body flopped like a fishâ⬠. She was dead! Lennie ran to the brush that George had told him to hide in when they first arrived in Soledad if he ever got into trouble. When Candy found Curleyââ¬â¢s wife dead and told all the ranch hands, they all knew it was Lennie! Most of the men wanted to kill Lennie, but George got there first. George knew that Lennie would be scared if half a dozen men ran towards him shooting, but if George was to do it at the back of his head, just like Candyââ¬â¢s old dog it would be pain free. When George found him, Lennie asked for the story of their dream to be told to him and questioned George why he wasnââ¬â¢t mad at him, but obviously if this was Georgeââ¬â¢s last moments with Lennie he didnââ¬â¢t want to be mad at him. As George told the story and paused every so often, Lennie would say ââ¬Å"go onâ⬠or ââ¬Å"Gonna do it soonâ⬠as if he knew what George was about to do and was encouraging George to get it over and done with. George finally shot Lennie. Lennie jarred forward and the settled peacefully as he lay on the sand. George just sat stiffly and silently n the bank, looking at his hand that had just pulled the trigger disgustedly. George knew it was for the best, where ever they were to go Lennieââ¬â¢s unrecognised strength would lead to trouble; it had already, both in Weed and Soledad. Lennie was trapped by his strength. Although, Lennie has now been released from pain by no longer being able to kill others and from not getting shot by half a dozen men cruelly, but peacefully by George. The upsetting thing is, that Lennie was so afraid of being alone and away from George, and now he was just that. It was all over!!! George is now free; he is no longer trapped by his want of freedom, of constantly looking after Lennie. I think the novel tries to give us the message that people try to lead their lives as successfully as possible, in order to result in the best possible outcome. However this is very hard to succeed. The ranch hands wanted the ââ¬ËAmerican Dreamââ¬â¢ to become reality, but is very unlikely and as shown does not happen. The novel gave a very positive view of the ââ¬ËAmerican dreamââ¬â¢, but this is erroneous and does not come true. The chances of finding true, lasting friendship and happiness are also very unlikely as it is always spoilt by misfortune, arguments, inconveniences and sometimes death, as in this case.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Domestic Violence Should Not Be A Private Matter - 1478 Words
Domestic violence is not always reported and therefore it is difficult to establish precise statistics for its occurrence, however, it is estimated that around sixteen percent of all violent crime is represented by domestic violence. Most of the perpetrators are male and most of the victims are female (approximately 77 percent). However, domestic violence is not a new problem, it has always existed, but before, it was kept completely in the private sphere. As women have become more independent and the State has become involved on issues of domestic violence, legislation has been issued to protect the victim. This paper argues that domestic violence should not be a private matter, and legal and Government interventions are justified and necessary in order to protect people from domestic violence, not only because it creates public awareness of the issues involved but also because through legal and public intervention the victims are more likely to receive the help and support they ne ed; furthermore, there is a better chance that perpetrators will be punished. This paper also analyses to what extent existing legislation protects victims of domestic violence and will propose changes in legislation to increase victim protection and punishment for perpetrators in order to end domestic violence. Historical background In the past, domestic violence was considered to be purely a private problem. 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